Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. J Neuro-Oncol. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. 2014;9:e95503. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. 2003;11:346. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. radiation with wavelengths. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. 2010;3:4650. Synapse. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. 2010;28:445. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. 2008;22:9927. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. 2003;80:194210. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Verma et al. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Qiao et al. Nature. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. 2006;79:13140. statement and Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. CAS Acta Pharmacol Sin. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. Electromagn Biol Med. California Privacy Statement, Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. 2011;35:36978. J Neuro. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. 2015;36:4804. 2006;27:295306. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Singh et al. 2015;140:23646. J Neurosci. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Int J Radiat Biol. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Google Scholar. Finally, Hardell et al. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. Article Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Google Scholar. Google Scholar. Neuroscience. 2005;161:52635. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. 2010;1347:17985. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. 1975;148:1723. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Int J Radiat Biol. 1992;49:1818. 2011;174:211. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 2012;25:1828. 2007;28:187380. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Mol Brain Res. 2001;93:2037. 2017;38:106976. Neurosci Lett. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. Behav Brain Res. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Dasdag et al. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Bioelectromagnetics. Vorobyov et al. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. Neurotoxicology. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Mil Med Sci. Physiol Behav. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Koch C, Zador A. Am J Epidemiol. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. CAS 2003;14:2436. PubMed [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. 2015;148:150. 2012;3:3440. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. 2001;12:72931. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Joubert et al. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Iran J Public Health. 1996;180:917. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Biomed Environ Sci. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. 2005;25:10190201. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Interphone study group. The effects are usually . Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2008;49:16370. PubMed EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Im HI, Kenny PJ. PLoS One. PubMed The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Terms and Conditions, J Mol Neurosci. P Nat Acad. 2017;52:23947. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. J Sleep Res. 2012;31:6774. The conclusions are shown in Table3. Trends Neurosci. Professor, Asst Director at VIT Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Behav Brain Res. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;73:4737. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. J Pharm Sci. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. millimeter, or equivalently. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . By using this website, you agree to our Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. 2000;11:16413. Cookies policy. Mack et al. Gene. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. 2008;169:3845. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. 1997;44:99104. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. 2012;62:22336. Privacy 2002;57:2702. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Bioelectromagnetics. Bioelectromagnetics. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in